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But experienced teachers take into account that some of these verbs, such as get , are much more difficult to explain, in part because they have multiple, often idiomatic meanings. Concrete action verbs such as eat , run, open or email are easy to understand and practice Open your book to page 1 , so a materials writer or teacher may choose to teach these verbs before more statistically common ones.

Another issue materials writers need to address is sequencing—the order in which different structures are presented. For that reason, the authors of Focus on Grammar 3 chose to first introduce the present perfect with since and for , because it is more concrete and students can more easily grasp the meaning of this difficult aspect of English.

One important question for the grammar textbook writer is whether information from corpus linguistics should be pointed out as corpus research, added as a grammar note, or simply reflected in the language of the charts, notes, and other texts. Our solution in Focus on Grammar has been to present this information simply and only when helpful. While reviewing Focus on Grammar 2 for the Fourth Edition, the author realized that the Grammar Presentation and other texts already reflected the corpus research.

She decided not to put this information into a note because so much detail would be more confusing than helpful. The authors made a different decision, however, when they learned from corpus linguistics that that is very frequently used in informal speaking to refer to what came before, not just to refer to proximity. In this case, they added the information to the grammar notes in Focus on Grammar 1, and practiced it in the unit. A: I like my grammar class.

Focus on Grammar has been steadfast in adopting new ideas, but only when they are of additional help to students. Corpus linguistics is just one of many factors that play a role in determining the presentation of frequently used verbs, the sequence of presentation of the structures, and the grammar notes given to students.

What are possible applications of corpus-based research? Foreign language teaching: Materials and syllabus design, exams testing language competence, and teaching methods Corpus information is extensively used in lexicography: Almost all monolingual learner dictionaries are now corpus-based, e.

London: Longman. Biber, Douglas et al. Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Cambridge: CUP. Pullum, eds. Further reading Biber, Douglas et al. Hoffmann, Sebastian et al. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. London: Routledge. One efficient way of doing this is to use corpus methodology Edinburgh University Press, Currently this boom continues—and both of the 'schools' of corpus linguistics are growing Corpus linguistics is maturing methodologically and the range of languages addressed by corpus linguists is growing annually.

Even the students that come to linguistic enquiry without a theoretical apparatus learn very quickly to advance their hypotheses on the basis of their observations rather than received knowledge, and test them against the evidence provided by the corpus. John Benjamins, For example, if you wanted to compare the language use of patterns for the words big and large , you would need to know how many times each word occurs in the corpus, how many different words co-occur with each of these adjectives the collocations , and how common each of those collocations is.

These are all quantitative measurements As a result, a large amount of effort in corpus-based studies is devoted to explaining and exemplifying quantitative patterns. It is also characteristic of corpus linguistics to begin with quantitative findings, and work toward qualitative ones. Generally it is desirable to subject quantitative results to qualitative scrutiny—attempting to explain why a particular frequency pattern occurs, for example.

But on the other hand, qualitative analysis making use of the investigator's ability to interpret samples of language in context may be the means for classifying examples in a particular corpus by their meanings; and this qualitative analysis may then be the input to a further quantitative analysis, one based on meaning Cambridge University Press, Actively scan device characteristics for identification.

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